{"id":848,"date":"2017-04-25T08:00:27","date_gmt":"2017-04-25T15:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/blog\/?p=848"},"modified":"2023-09-26T10:36:41","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T17:36:41","slug":"graphene-future-electronics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/graphene-future-electronics\/","title":{"rendered":"Graphene &#038; the Future of Electronics"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><strong>Can Silicon Keep Delivering \u2018Moore\u2019? <\/strong><\/h1>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Look at the Future of Electronics with Graphene as King<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/silicon-innovations\/moores-law-technology.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moore\u2019s Law has been cruising at a steady click since 1965<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the manufacturing of the first integrated circuit, but it\u2019s struggling to keep up these days. Just last year, Intel planned to introduce a 10nm processor, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.extremetech.com\/computing\/210050-intel-confirms-10nm-delayed-to-2017-will-introduce-kaby-lake-at-14nm-to-fill-gap\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">only to switch gears and stick with its tried-and-true 14nm until 2017<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. What\u2019s going on here? Don\u2019t get me wrong, it\u2019s still a modern marvel that we can stuff up to 2 billion transistors into today\u2019s consumer microprocessors, but it\u2019s clear that our rapid pace of transistor expansion is coming to an end or at least slowing down.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And now the question on everyone\u2019s mind is &#8211; can we still keep delivering \u2018Moore\u2019 of what we need with silicon alone?<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Are the Days of Silicon Numbered?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You would not be reading this article on your computer or smartphone if it wasn\u2019t for the legendary element silicon (Si). It is used in nearly every piece of electronics, powering the brains of the operation in our advanced microprocessors.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_850\" style=\"width: 659px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-850\" class=\"size-full wp-image-850\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/3.jpg\" alt=\"integrated-circuit\" width=\"649\" height=\"380\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-850\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Pop open your computer, smartphone, or other electronic device and you\u2019re bound to see an integrated circuit like this nestled inside. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elprocus.com\/embedded-microprocessor-importance-and-its-real-time-applications\/\">Image source<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.computerhistory.org\/siliconengine\/the-first-widely-used-analog-integrated-circuit-is-introduced\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since its use in the first microprocessor in 1965<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, silicon has been the reigning champ, packing in hundreds, millions, and now billions of transistors into the tiniest of spaces. Today, silicon is starting to show its weaknesses as the material of choice for the future of electronics. Why?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Electrons Go Crazy.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Many of today\u2019s circuits are as small as 7nm wide, and when you\u2019re trying to send electrons down transistor pathways in these tiny silicon spaces, they often become unstable and difficult to control. What do you do when electrons go rogue and start interfering with other signals? Hope for the best, I guess. <\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Mobility Issues. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s also the problem of electron mobility. Yeah, you can pack billions of transistors into a space the size of a red blood cell, but silicon itself doesn\u2019t provide the best environment for electron mobility as other materials do, like indium or graphene. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>High Heat Problems. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another issue is that the more you pack into silicon, the higher the temperature climbs with all of that activity, leading to degraded performance. Today\u2019s ICs with billions of transistors requires a ton of fans just to keep everything cool. Think of the giant heatsink strapped to your computer\u2019s processor. <\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>Lazy With Light.<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Silicon is also terrible at transmitting light. And with a widespread use of lasers and LEDs, manufacturers are starting to use alternative semiconductor materials for photonic applications to work around their silicon deficiencies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Wasted Power. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite all of the power pumping out of a silicon-based circuit, there\u2019s also a ton of energy being lost in the process. Check out the graph below, and you\u2019ll see what we mean. 20nm processors are already tipping the scales beyond 50\/50 between usable power, and power that goes to waste.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_851\" style=\"width: 304px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-851\" class=\"wp-image-851 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/ISSCC-Dynamic-vs-Leakage-Power-i-294x300.jpg\" alt=\"si-Dynamic-vs-Leakage-Power\" width=\"294\" height=\"300\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-851\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Read from right to left, this graph shows how wasted energy in our processors continues to decrease the smaller they get. (Graph from Carver Mead at the 2013 ISSCC)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Silicon has had a fantastic run, allowing us to transition from hundreds to billions of transistors in only a few decades. But perhaps it&#8217;s time to move beyond the industrial age of electronics and our almost obsessive focus on raw speed. We know what our electronics can do, but do they do what needs to be done efficiently? And how are we going to power all the devices in our Internet of Things (IoT) connected future? Bring on the graphene!<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Graph What?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remember back in your childhood when you had to get up in the middle of class, walk over to the pencil sharpener latched onto the wall, and hand crank away to transform your pencil into a useful instrument again? In the middle of that pencil of yours was graphite, the father of graphene. Slap together three million layers of graphene, and you\u2019ll eventually have enough to make just one millimeter of your grade school pencil!<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_852\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-852\" class=\"size-full wp-image-852\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/a-classic-2-pencil-with-exposed-graphite.jpg\" alt=\"classic-2-pencil\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-852\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>The essence of childhood right here, but can number 2 replace 7nm?(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.techtimes.com\/articles\/107648\/20151117\/why-graphene-miracle-material.htm\">Image source<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Carbon Family<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Graphene is home to the carbon family, and it\u2019s so thin, being only a single-atom height. This makes it as close as you\u2019ll ever get to a 2D material living in a three-dimensional world. It can have plenty of length and width, but no perceivable height!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking under a microscope, you can quickly identify graphene by its hexagonal shape (like a honeycomb). This unique composition has four electrons in its outer shell, three of which join with other atoms to form the solid substance we can use. And the fourth electron? That\u2019s where all the magic happens. Graphene has a ton of superpowers thanks to its four electrons, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Super-Strength. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our little graphene superhero might be the thinnest material known to scientists, but it\u2019s also 300 times stronger than steel and way harder than a diamond ever will be (diamonds are also part of the carbon family). <\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>Super-Flexibility.<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ever wish you could sit on your smartphone without breaking it? If it was made with graphene, you could! This material is completely transparent and flexible and has some great potential for use in our consumer electronics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Super-Conductivity. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Graphene is also one of the best conductors of both heat and electricity. This makes it the perfect alternative to both silicon and copper.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_853\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-853\" class=\"size-full wp-image-853\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/Graphen.jpg\" alt=\"hexagonal-shape-graphene\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1024\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Check out the perfectly hexagonal shape of graphene, just like a honeycomb! (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/Graphene\">Image source<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h3>And how was graphene discovered?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2004, two professors at the University of Manchester were able to extract graphene layer by layer using simple adhesive tape. They kept pulling off each layer one at a time, arriving finally at a layer that was a single layer of atoms. This great discovery kicked off a ton of research into the practical uses of graphene, and both <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk\/discover\/the-people\/sir-andre-geim\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andre Geim<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk\/discover\/the-people\/sir-kostya-novoselov\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Konstantin Novoselov<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> went on to receive <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2010\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nobel prizes in 2010<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for their discovery. <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_854\" style=\"width: 525px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-854\" class=\"size-full wp-image-854\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/geim_novoselov_lab_02_photo.jpg\" alt=\"andre-geim-konstantin-novoselov\" width=\"515\" height=\"367\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-854\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Here we have Konstantin (left) and Andre (right), discoverers of graphene via tape. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/2010\/geim-photo.html\">Image source<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h2>Taking Off the Rose-Colored Glasses<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ok, let\u2019s be real. Graphene is nowhere near ready for prime time. First, there\u2019s still no way to reliably and cost-effectively manufacture this material. You\u2019ll wind up paying over $800 just to get a usable gram of graphene made, and the only two proven methods for making it include:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Mechanical Exfoliation<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-855 size-medium alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/Mos2_tape-300x234.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"234\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Remember how our two scientists discovered graphene with the use of some tape? This approach is still in use, where layer by layer is peeled away from a chunk of graphite for experimental research.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Chemical Vapor Deposition<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-856 size-full alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/graphene-on-copper-foil80_02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another and more promising method is that of Chemical Vapor Deposition or CVD. In this process, chemical vapors get evaporated in a furnace, leaving behind deposits of graphene on a layer of metal. This process is also used to manufacture large integrated circuits, so it has the added benefit of a proven track record.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outside of these two processes, there\u2019s no other reliable or cost-effective method to manufacture graphene today, and graphene faces an uphill battle to be a viable alternative to silicon. Here are just a few of the questions on our mind:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>The Process. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How much will manufacturers have to change their manufacturing process just to incorporate graphene? Will it require an entirely new set of certifications and standards?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>The Tools. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are manufacturers going to need brand new machines, or can they just retrofit old instruments to get the done job?<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>The Practices.<\/strong> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And most importantly, will manufacturers need new best practices to ensure the highest quality graphene production?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are some tough questions to answer. Particularly for companies like Intel that can already pump out 50,000 microprocessors today with silicon without breaking a sweat. That transition time between silicon and graphene has to be done right, or not at all. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3>It\u2019s Not a Semiconductor<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Outside of the manufacturing realm, there\u2019s also the very real issue that graphene isn\u2019t a semiconductor, and doesn\u2019t fit into the existing model of how transistors work. Yes, graphene is an excellent conductor, but how do you go about translating that into a working model that can operate as an integrated circuit?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While silicon is widely recognized for its ability to be modified via doping to carry an electrical charge, can that be replicated for graphene? Researchers have found that messing around with negative and positive charges in graphene-like you would in P-type, and N-type silicon can have some unintended consequences on graphene\u2019s electrical properties.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Training a Workforce<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And how do you go about training an entire engineering culture on how to work with graphene? Granted, this isn\u2019t a new problem. When the first transistors rolled around, companies shoveled out the money and time to get their engineers up to speed, so it\u2019s likely to happen again if graphene starts to take over<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s also the issue of our design tools that we rely on for our daily work. We\u2019ll likely need new simulation models and new ways of working with graphene in our layer stackups. And will printed circuit boards even be manufactured in the same way once graphene becomes commonplace? If you can use graphene in an integrated circuit, wouldn\u2019t you start using it in other electronic components? This is already being done in capacitors, to create what are called supercapacitors (we\u2019ll touch on this later). But how will these graphene-based additions change how we design, source and manufacture our components and boards? \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>The Many Awesome Uses for Graphene<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes, graphene has a long, long way to go before it can become a viable alternative to silicon. But that still won\u2019t stop us from dreaming about some of the amazing uses it can have for electronics and the world as a whole. Here\u2019s our top three:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Unbreakable Touchscreens<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most immediate and obvious use for graphene would be to replace those flimsy touchscreens in our smartphones and tablets that are made from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indium\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indium<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, one of the rarest elements on Earth. With graphene\u2019s superhero-like strength, 100% transparency, and yoga-like flexibility, we\u2019d enter a whole new world of consumer electronics and hardware connectivity! And we\u2019d also take advantage of a carbon-based material, which is one of the most abundant elements on Earth, unlike Indium.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_857\" style=\"width: 644px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-857\" class=\"size-full wp-image-857\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/1414673238109_wps_24_LG_display_jpg.jpg\" alt=\"oled-touchscreen\" width=\"634\" height=\"470\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-857\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>A\u00a0super flexible touchscreen OLED touchscreen produced by LG, could this be the future of our consumer devices? (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/sciencetech\/article-2814136\/Foldable-screens-step-closer-Super-flexible-super-strong-touchscreen-demonstrated-Japan.html\">Image source)<\/a><\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><b>Supercharged Batteries<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The use of graphene could also finally bring us into an age of powerful and lightweight batteries that would far exceed the capabilities of any battery in existence today. These supercapacitor batteries already being researched over at the University of California, Los Angeles and present some amazing possibilities. Check out the video below to see what we mean.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine being able to plug your smartphone in, and having it charge in 30 seconds. And on an even bigger scale, what would happen if this kind of battery was available in electric vehicles? Could charging be as quick as a stop at the traditional gas station?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-CP3zPHRv60\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-CP3zPHRv60<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Cold Computers<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You will never have to liquid cool your home-made PC anymore! Microprocessors in today\u2019s computers can hit temperature upwards of 240\u00b0F, but with a layer of graphene applied to these same processors, temperatures dipped down to 55\u00b0F. That\u2019s huge!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine all of the energy that data centers alone can save by making microprocessors with graphene. Could this cut down on the enormous costs requires just to keep these data centers cool? Maybe we\u2019ll find ourselves in a future where microprocessors and transistors work at lightning fast speeds, without the excess heat.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_858\" style=\"width: 1010px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-858\" class=\"size-full wp-image-858\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/04\/Data-center-1000x400.jpg\" alt=\"Data-center\" width=\"1000\" height=\"400\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-858\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Today\u2019s data centers pump out a ton of heat, but graphene can change that when used in microprocessors. (<a href=\"http:\/\/tech.eu\/features\/1734\/data-center-environment\/\">Image source<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That\u2019s just a very small glimpse at all of the possibilities surrounding the use of graphene. There\u2019s a ton of other applications available in a variety of industries, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Solar. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using graphene in combination with the inorganic compound molybdenum disulfide produces a solar cell that\u2019s 30x stronger than the thinnest solar cells around. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Aerospace. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using graphene in airplanes would allow manufacturers to create super strong yet lightweight components that would lower the weight of planes and their fuel costs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Medical. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers at the British firm Oxford Nanopore are using graphene to speed up the processing of DNA sequencing. There\u2019s also uses for graphene in creating ultra durable and flexible prosthetic limbs.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>The New Electronics Material King?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s still too early to tell if graphene will dethrone silicon as the king of the electronics world, or the whole world for that matter. And while graphene has a ton of great uses that we can keep dreaming about, we still have to remember all of the hurdles to be overcome first. There\u2019s the complexity of making it manufacturable, the enormous costs of training an engineering workforce, and all of the research required along the way. In short, all of this is going to take time, lots and lots of time. But don\u2019t get so down. The first transistor came about in 1947, with the first IC showing up ten years later. It might take another decade or two to get graphene rolling, but at least the momentum has already started!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Until graphene arrives, you can still take advantage of the millions of and billions of transistors inside the free Integrated Circuit libraries in Autodesk EAGLE. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/free-download\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try Autodesk EAGLE for free today to get started!<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s the Game of Thrones, electronics style! Join us for a look into the potentially new future of electronics if graphene dethrones silicon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2425,"featured_media":849,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[286,434],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eda","category-eagle","dhig-theme--light"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Graphene &amp; the Future of Electronics | EAGLE | Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is graphene? 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