{"id":585,"date":"2017-03-16T08:00:06","date_gmt":"2017-03-16T15:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/blog\/?p=585"},"modified":"2023-09-26T15:21:20","modified_gmt":"2023-09-26T22:21:20","slug":"e-waste-conundrum-can-biodegradable-printed-circuit-boards-help","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/e-waste-conundrum-can-biodegradable-printed-circuit-boards-help\/","title":{"rendered":"The E-Waste Conundrum &#8211; Can Biodegradable Printed Circuit Boards Help?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The E-Waste Conundrum &#8211; Can Biodegradable Printed Circuit Boards Help?<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">My fondest memories growing up all involved electronics, from playing Nintendo NES to learning how to build my first computer. Throughout the years, electronics have always seemed so magical, so abundant, and always so new. I\u2019ve gone through more cell phones, video game consoles, and computer components than I can count, but where exactly does all of that stuff go?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As far as most of us are concerned, electronics are like any other piece of waste, disappearing into a black hole. This form of waste, called electronic waste or E-waste, is a huge problem for the world, and for good reasons. What we take for granted as average consumer electronics in the western world get shipped overseas after we discard them, only to wind up in someone\u2019s else&#8217;s backyard in China, Africa, or India. On the other side of the world, there\u2019s a different side to the story of electronics, and it\u2019s not a pleasant one.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>It Just Keeps Piling Up<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electronic waste is a massive problem, and we send over 20 million tons of it every year to landfills and overseas. And according to <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/ifixit.org\/ewaste\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ifixit.org<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Americans have their part to play with over 3.4 million tons of E-waste generated annually. So what happens to all of those electronics that we just discard?<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_587\" style=\"width: 2602px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-587\" class=\"size-full wp-image-587\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/03\/BSSP-Ewaste-05.jpg\" alt=\"e-waste-pile\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1944\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-587\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>All those electronics we don\u2019t use anymore? Yeah, they <\/em>have<em>\u00a0to go somewhere.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nearly 80% of it goes straight to a landfill, ready to leach away chemicals into the groundwater. All of this gunk going into our environment can\u2019t end well, considering that our electronics are made up of some nasty metals and gasses, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Mercury &#8211; <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Which is known to be toxic at low doses and can cause kidney and brain damage.<\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Cadmium &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This chemical element has been proven to cause cancer when found in excess in the body. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Lead &#8211; <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This one we\u2019re all familiar with, including its ability to create brain damage in children. <\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These retardants are known to negatively affect hormonal functions in women.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b>Beryllium &#8211; <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ll find this being used to make connectors and motherboards, and it also causes cancer in humans. <\/span><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Look around your house and nearly every electronic that you depend on for your daily survival likely includes many of these metals and chemicals. In developing countries you\u2019ll find men, women, and children breaking down our electronics into their base materials in rather hazardous conditions, all to collect a paycheck. I was surprised to learn all this, I thought we were recycling this stuff?!w<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Yeah, About that E-Waste Recycling<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recycling electronics is a bigger problem than meets the eye. As our devices get smaller, lighter and tighter, it\u2019s now a nightmare for recyclers to take them apart and salvage any useful materials. That\u2019s not to mention all of the glue and adhesives that are added to our cell phones and laptops to keep everything held together. All that junk has to be removed manually before any recyclable material can be withdrawn. <\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_588\" style=\"width: 1610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-588\" class=\"size-full wp-image-588\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/03\/macbook-pro-with-retina-display-back-cover-battery-exposed.jpg\" alt=\"taken-apart-macbook-pro\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-588\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Today\u2019s insanely thin laptops, while great for the consumer, are a nightmare to recycle with all the glue and adhesives used.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the real crux of the recycling dilemma is this &#8211; our purchasing patterns for electronics are a bit excessive. New electronics are constantly bombarding the market, with shorter life cycles than ever before. As consumers, this means we\u2019re purchasing the latest and greatest gadget year after year without really considering what will happen to our old stuff. Consider these facts from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/ifixit.org\/ewaste\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ifixit.org<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.6 billion cell phones were manufactured in 2012, and are jam packed with some nasty chemicals including arsenic, lead, and flame retardants. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When purchasing that new cell phone, Americans will on average only keep it for 18 months before getting a new one. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Even when these old devices are recycled, we lose about 30% from materials that can\u2019t be recovered, that\u2019s huge! <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So with both consumer habits getting extreme and our E-waste recycling system in a dire state of being completely overwhelmed, it seems like it\u2019s now time to search for other answers to this problem. And just in time, the biodegradable circuit board arrives, can it solve our problems?<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Making the Biodegradable PCB a Reality<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While transient electronic components currently exist, putting all of these parts together into an entirely biodegradable circuit board has yet to be conquered, until now. A group of scientists at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory set out to create a fully functional PCB that disintegrates when exposed to water. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3>The Biodegradable System<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The scientists determined to create a working circuit board system that could do the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Measure variations in room temperature, and report that data back to an external recording system through a wireless signal. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The data would need to be very accurate when compared with conventional temperature measurement systems. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The circuit board would also need to be completely biodegradable, leaving only components and trace materials after being exposed to water. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The results were pretty amazing. This biodegradable circuit board was able to record temperature results that were so accurate that they aligned almost perfectly with temperature reports from a local weather station during a 24 hour period. And when the PCB was immersed in water for only 10 minutes, it completely disintegrated, leaving behind only the components and biodegradable materials. And the best part? The entire thing was flexible.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_589\" style=\"width: 701px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-589\" class=\"size-full wp-image-589\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/03\/2017-03-01_17-34-09.png\" alt=\"biodegradable-pcb\" width=\"691\" height=\"163\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-589\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>This circuit board dissolves after being exposed to water for only 10 minutes (<a href=\"http:\/\/rogers.matse.illinois.edu\/files\/2014\/transientpcbadvmater.pdf\">Image credit<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<h3>How was it made?<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<p><b>Commercial Off-the-Shelf Components (COTS) &#8211;\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These were standard components that you\u2019ll find in any conventional electronic device, including transistors, sensors, and power supplies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Magnesium Paste &#8211;\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All of these components were attached to the top layer of the PCB (discussed next) with a magnesium paste. By exposing this paste to room temperatures, it created a solid adhesive between the components and PCB while also offering excellent conductivity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A similar tungsten paste was also used to fill the via holes to provide connectivity to the top and bottom circuit board layers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) Substrates<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; These substrates formed the top and bottom layers of the PCB, measuring a mere 50 \u00b5m in thickness.<\/p>\n<p><b>Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Bonding Layer &#8211;\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This final layer, measuring only 1\u00b5m in thickness, was placed between the two Na-CMC substrates to bond the layers together.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_590\" style=\"width: 481px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-590\" class=\"size-full wp-image-590\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/03\/2017-03-01_17-38-30.png\" alt=\"biodegradable-pcb-layer stack\" width=\"471\" height=\"353\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-590\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>The complete layer stack for a biodegradable PCB. Notice the use of standard components with several biodegradable layers in between a magnesium paste. (<a href=\"http:\/\/rogers.matse.illinois.edu\/files\/2014\/transientpcbadvmater.pdf\">Image credit<\/a>)<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A quick fact &#8211; the Na-CMC substrates and PEO bonding layers are both in widespread use in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries and act as stabilizers. Who knew they\u2019d be just as useful for a PCB!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the end of their research some bold claims were made that could affect the electronics industry as a whole. These scientists concluded that the materials and methods used in their biodegradable PCB experiments could match the performance found in today\u2019s conventional devices. And with the added capability to have electronic circuits dissolve into non-harmful end products, it\u2019s just a win-win. You can read up on all the fascinating bits in this study here &#8211; \u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/rogers.matse.illinois.edu\/files\/2014\/transientpcbadvmater.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biodegradable Materials Printed Circuit Boards report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2>The Results Are In, and We Need Change<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the use of electronics becomes more widespread throughout the world, E-waste will continue to grow as a problem that we need to deal with, fast. While we\u2019re still handling the waste of past and present electronic devices, I think we can all agree that it\u2019s time to look towards the future to see how biodegradable electronics can alter how we relate to our natural and human counterparts in this connected electronics ecosystem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Will this be the next frontier for electronics? It\u2019s possible.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Until this technology becomes more financially viable and available from manufacturers, you can still do your part. Start today by designing electronics that are recyclable and repairable. It will make everyone\u2019s life a little bit easier. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/free-download\">Try Autodesk EAGLE for free today to get started. <\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>E-waste is a huge problem for the world, can biodegradable printed circuits boards be the answer? Read on to learn more. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2425,"featured_media":586,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[286,434],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-585","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eda","category-eagle","dhig-theme--light"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Biodegradable PCB &amp; E-Waste | EAGLE | Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how biodegradable printed circuit boards (PCBs) can help reduce the amount of electronic waste (E-waste) heading to landfills every year.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/e-waste-conundrum-can-biodegradable-printed-circuit-boards-help\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biodegradable PCB &amp; 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