{"id":1163,"date":"2017-06-06T08:00:56","date_gmt":"2017-06-06T15:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/blog\/?p=1163"},"modified":"2023-09-25T14:19:24","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T21:19:24","slug":"op-amps-beginners-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/op-amps-beginners-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Op-Amps: A Beginners Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"were-going-to-amp-you-up-the-beginners-guide-to-operational-amplifiers-opamps\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We\u2019re Going to Amp You Up! The Beginner&#8217;s Guide to Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps)<\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We all live in a world surrounded by the wonders of amplifiers. If you\u2019ve ever been to a concert and heard the loud electric squeal of a guitar blast through the stadium, that\u2019s an amplifier at play. Or the speakers pouring music through your radio on a lazy Sunday afternoon, amplifiers again. In this world of amplification, the goal is simple &#8211; to boost the electric current and voltages up a notch. But are all amplifiers created the same, or used for the same purposes? Definitely not. We\u2019re here to learn about the mysterious black box of the amplifier family, and how it plays a way bigger role than just with sounds. It\u2019s the operational amplifier, and it\u2019s here to amp you up!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"amplifiers-at-a-glance\">Amplifiers at a Glance<\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before diving into the intricacies of the op-amp, let\u2019s first understand what amplifiers as a general category of components do for the world of electronics. Ever get your hands on a hearing aid? They\u2019re a perfect example. Hearing aids use a microphone to pick up sounds from the external environment, which then gets turned into an electrical signal. Inside this hearing aid, there\u2019s an amplifier that takes that signal, boosts it up to make it louder, and sends it to a speaker resting inside your ear canal. It\u2019s not magic, just engineering!<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large size-full wp-image-1165\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/06\/SoundWaveHearingPic.png\" alt=\"how-hearing-aids-work\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Amplifiers are what make hearing aids possible. (I<a href=\"https:\/\/advancedhearing.com\/blog\/how-hearing-aids-work\">mage source<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This entire process of taking an input signal, amplifying it, and sending it onwards as an output signal is the essence of amplifier circuits. The boost that an amplifier produces for a given signal is measured in gains, or gain factor. This is simply the difference in voltage between an input signal and an output signal. For example, if you start with 1 volt at your input, and get 5 volts at your output, then you have yourself a gain of 5. For sound related amplification, this gain is measured in decibels (dB).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"so-what-makes-an-opamp-special\">So What Makes an Op-Amp Special?<\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While all amplifiers might have the same general purpose, when you need an ideal amplifier then you want to use an op-amp. Within analog electronics, nothing comes close to matching the ideal performance of an amplifier as this device. The beautiful thing about an op-amp is that you can mix and match active parts like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/blog\/transistors-world-modern-electrons\/\">transistors<\/a> with passive components like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/blog\/how-choose-right-resistor\/\">resistors<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/blog\/everything-need-know-capacitors\/\">capacitors<\/a>, etc. to get some useful amplification characteristics, like:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><b>High gain<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. One of the most well-known features of op-amps is their very high gain, which can range from 10,000 to 100,000! Granted, this level of gain used in an open loop amplifier is a bit useless and overkill, which is why you\u2019ll be adding sources of feedback to control gain levels and distortion. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><b>High input impedance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Another key attribute is a high impedance, and the op-amps in production these days come with input impedances that are almost infinite, measuring in at 0.25M ohms or even hundreds of millions of ohms. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><b>Low output impedance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In a perfect amplifier, you\u2019ll get zero output impedance, and an op-amp is the only physical component that comes close to achieving this. You\u2019ll find most IC-based op-amps having an output impedance of less than a hundredth of an ohm.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><b>Limited bandwidth<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Op-amps also have a limited bandwidth, which can work in your favor. Many op-amp ICs used for audio applications only experience their complete gain over a small bandwidth. But in other circuits, you\u2019ll be wanting to reduce that gain, which is where a limited bandwidth comes in handy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-inner-workings-of-an-opamp\">The Inner Workings of an Op-Amp<\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The great thing about op-amps is that they aren\u2019t just used to amplify sound like a traditional amplifier. You\u2019ll also see them being used for:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Audio and video frequency pre-amplifiers and buffers<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Voltage and current regulators<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analog calculators<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Precision peak detectors<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And a whole lot more!<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Regardless of its particular purpose, an op-amp always aims to deliver an output voltage raising or lowering input voltages until the are equal. But how does it make that happen? Let\u2019s take a look at a typical op-amp schematic symbol to explain how it works. Here\u2019s what you need to know:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large size-full wp-image-1166\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/06\/c1e72d5f7266f972af6d7aed4254fa0e700de951.gif\" alt=\"ideal-op-amp-schematic-symbol\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>An ideal op-amp schematic symbol on its own with no feedback added.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"input-signals\">Input Signals<\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are two input signals, an inverting input marked with a negative (-) symbol, and a non-inverting input indicated with a positive (+) symbol. When you have a positive signal on your inverting input, then you\u2019ll get an amplified output that is the inverse, or the opposite of this signal. So if a positive signal goes in, then your output will be negative. The non-inverting input works the opposite way. If you send a positive signal into a non-inverting input, then you\u2019ll get an output that matches the input signal, just amplified.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large size-full wp-image-1167\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/06\/Op-Amp-Inverting-and-Non-Inverting-Inputs.png\" alt=\"Op-Amp-Inverting-and-Non-Inverting-Inputs\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The type of input used has a direct effect on the signals output in an op-amp circuit. (<a href=\"http:\/\/henrysbench.capnfatz.com\/henrys-bench\/arduino-projects-tips-and-more\/op-amp-basics-for-arduino-hobbyists\/\">Image source<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"output-signals\">Output Signals<\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the other side of the schematic symbol for this op-amp is the output. This output takes the difference between both your inverting and non-inverting input signals to produce an amplified output signal until the input voltages are equal. This is why an op-amp is commonly referred to as a differential amplifier because it provides an output result based on the difference between the two input signals.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"power-signals\">Power Signals<\/h3>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You need to power your device. At the top and bottom of the op-amp symbol, you have a V+ and V-, which notes the positive and negative sides of a DC power connection. These power supply rails often won&#8217;t be shown in circuit diagrams since it\u2019s assumed that they will always be connected. Whether you see them or not, you\u2019ll find op-amps connected to a +5-15V and -5-15V power rail, all based on the specifications of the op-amp chip you plan to use. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-most-common-opamp-circuits\">The Most Common Op-Amp Circuits<\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Op-amps have an extremely high gain that you won&#8217;t be able to change. This is why you\u2019ll be adding feedback into your op-amp circuit with the addition of resistors, capacitors, or inductors to control the gain and get different results from your circuit. This addition of feedback loops also allow you to easily create variations on an op-amp circuit to get some widely different results. Here are the most common circuits you\u2019ll be building when you first start out:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><b>Op-amp Schmitt trigger<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This circuit configuration provides immunity to noise and different switching levels that are dependent on your op-amp circuit being in a high or low voltage state. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><b>Op-amp summing amplifier<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This circuit configuration is perfect for summing audio inputs, and you\u2019ll find it commonly used in audio mixers. <\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><b>Op-amp comparator<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This is the configuration of choice when you need to provide a high or low signal depending on the state of your two inputs.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><b>Op-amp inverting amplifier<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This circuit is the most common op-amp configuration and is well known for providing gain while also being used as a virtual ground amplifier.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><b>Op-amp non-inverting amplifier<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This circuit configuration produces high gain and high input impedances and is used in many amplifier input stages.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large size-full wp-image-1168\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/06\/opamp48.gif\" alt=\"inverting-non-inverting-op-amp-circuit\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>An inverting and non-inverting op-amp circuit, side by side. (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.electronics-tutorials.ws\/opamp\/opamp_8.html\">Image source<\/a>)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"shopping-for-opamps\">Shopping for Op-Amps<\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ll find many different kinds of operational amplifier packages out there from your favorite parts supplier. Most are categorized by many values, including:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nominal slew rate<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Number of channels<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maximum input offset voltage<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maximum supply voltage<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Packaging type<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nominal gain bandwidth<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The most common op-amp nominal gain bandwidths you\u2019ll find are 1 MHz, 1.3 MHz, and 4 MHz. You\u2019ll also find the number of channels being anywhere between 1 and 8, with the most common op-amps having 1, 2, or 4 channels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For package types, the most famous op-amp you\u2019ll encounter is the 741, which comes in an 8-pin mini-DIP package. This op-amp packs in 20 transistors and 11 resistors, and has been the op-amp configuration of choice since 1968. It also happens to be the cheapest of the bunch, costing less than a dollar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large size-full wp-image-1169\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/fusion-360\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/eagle\/2017\/06\/UA741-Opamp.jpg\" alt=\"ua741-op-amp\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>UA741 op-amp IC, ready to be snapped into your breadboard or soldered!<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You\u2019ll also see op-amp ICs available in SOIC packages, which makes them easy to add to a circuit without taking up too much space. More often though, op-amps will be available as DIP packages with eight, fourteen, or sixteen pins. This package makes them easy to solder by hand on your next prototype or snap quickly into a breadboard. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"getting-amped-up\">Getting Amped Up<\/h2>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There you have it, everything you might need to know about operational amplifiers as an electronics design beginner! This IC is the component of choice when you need a high-performance amplifier that provides high gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance. And by being able to swap out the various feedback components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors, you can fit together a ton of different variations to produce your own multivibrator, analog-to-digital converter, or precision timer circuit.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are you getting amped up to design your very own op-amp circuit? <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.autodesk.com\/products\/eagle\/free-download\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try Autodesk EAGLE for free today!<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What are operational amplifiers (op-amps), and how do they work in an electronics circuit? Read on to find your answers!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2425,"featured_media":440,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[286,434],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1163","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eda","category-eagle","dhig-theme--light"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Op-Amps: A Beginners Guide | EAGLE | Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn what operational amplifiers are and how op-amps work to amplify signals for oscillators, analog calculators, precision rectifiers, and more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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